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Malayalam-speaking area is written in a. Malayalam text used in this article is transliterated into the Latin script according to the standard. Malayalam (; മലയാളം, Malayāḷam ) is a spoken across the Indian state of and one of 22 of India. Designated a in 2013, it was developed into the current form mainly by the influence of the poet in the 16th century. Malayalam has status in the state of Kerala and in the union territories of and. It belongs to the and is spoken by 38 million people. Malayalam is also spoken by linguistic minorities in the neighbouring states of and; with significant numbers of speakers in the, and districts of, and of.
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Malayalam serves as a on certain islands, including the -dominated. The origin of Malayalam remains a matter of dispute among scholars. One view holds that Malayalam and modern are offshoots of and separated from it sometime after c.
7th century CE. A second view argues for the development of the two languages out of in the prehistoric era. The earliest script used to write Malayalam was the, and later the, which derived from it. The current is based on the Vatteluttu script, which was extended with letters to adopt loanwords. With a total of 52 letters, the Malayalam script has the largest number of letters among orthographies. The oldest literary work in Malayalam, distinct from the Tamil tradition, is dated from between the 9th and 11th centuries. The first travelogue in any Indian language is the Malayalam, written by in 1785.
Contents. Etymology The word Malayalam originated from the words malai or mala, meaning ’hill,’ and elam, meaning region’; Malayalam thus translates directly as ’hill region.’ The term originally referred to the land of the, and only later became the name of its language. The language Malayalam is alternatively called Alealum, Malayalani, Malayali, Malean, Maliyad, and Mallealle. Historically, the term used by Malayalam speakers for the language itself was Malayanma or Malayayma, meaning the language of the nation Malayalam; the word Malayanma is now occasionally used for earlier stages of Malayalam. The name Malayalam was first used for the language in the mid-19th century. Evolution The generally held view is that Malayalam was the western coastal dialect of Tamil and separated from Tamil sometime between the 9th and 13th centuries.English Words With Malayalam Meaning Pdf Online
Some scholars however believe that both Tamil and Malayalam developed during the prehistoric period from a common ancestor, ’Proto-Tamil-Dravidian’, and that the notion of Malayalam being a ’daughter’ of Tamil is misplaced. This is based on the fact that Malayalam and several Dravidian languages on the western coast have common features which are not found even in the oldest historical forms of Tamil., in his 1856 book ’ A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages’, opined that Malayalam branched from Classical Tamil and over time gained a large amount of vocabulary and lost the personal terminations of verbs. As the language of scholarship and administration, Old-Tamil, which was written in and the Vatteluttu alphabet later, greatly influenced the early development of Malayalam. The Malayalam script began to diverge from the Tamil-Brahmi script in the 8th and 9th centuries CE. And by the end of the 13th century a written form of the language emerged which was unique from the Tamil-Brahmi script that was used to write Tamil. This section does not any.
Unsourced material may be challenged and. (July 2012) Variations in patterns, vocabulary, and distribution of grammatical and elements are observable along the parameters of region, religion, community, occupation, social stratum, style and register. Dialects of Malayalam are distinguishable at regional and social levels, including occupational and also communal differences. The salient features of many varieties of tribal speech (e.g., the speech of Muthuvans, Malayarayas, Malai Ulladas, Kanikkars, Kadars, Paliyars, Kurumas, and Vedas) and those of the various dialects, (Nasrani), Latin Christians, Muslims, fishermen and many of the occupational terms common to different sections of Malayalees have been identified.
According to the Dravidian Encyclopedia, the regional of Malayalam can be divided into thirteen dialect areas. They are as follows: South Travancore Central Travancore West Vempanad North Travancore Kochi-Thrissur South Malabar South Eastern Palghat North Western Palghat Central Malabar Wayanad Kasaragod Lakshadweep According to Ethnologue, the dialects are: Malabar, Nagari-Malayalam, South Kerala, Central Kerala, North Kerala, Kayavar, Pulaya, Nasrani, and.
The community dialects are: Namboodiri, Nair, Pulaya, and Nasrani. Whereas both the Namboothiri and Nair dialects have a common nature, the is among the most divergent of dialects, differing considerably from literary Malayalam. As regards the geographical dialects of Malayalam, surveys conducted so far by the Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala restricted the focus of attention during a given study on one specific caste so as to avoid mixing up of more than one variable such as communal and geographical factors. Thus for examples, the survey of the dialect of Malayalam, results of which have been published by the Department in 1974, has brought to light the existence of twelve major dialect areas for Malayalam, although the isoglosses are found to crisscross in many instances. Sub-dialect regions, which could be marked off, were found to be thirty. This number is reported to tally approximately with the number of principalities that existed during the pre-British period in.
In a few instances at least, as in the case of Venad, Karappuram, Nileswaram and Kumbala, the known boundaries of old principalities are found to coincide with those of certain dialects or sub-dialects that retain their individuality even today. This seems to reveal the significance of political divisions in Kerala in bringing about dialect difference.
Divergence among dialects of Malayalam embrace almost all aspects of language such as phonetics, phonology, grammar and vocabulary. Differences between any two given dialects can be quantified in terms of the presence or absence of specific units at each level of the language. To cite a single example of language variation along the geographical parameter, it may be noted that there are as many as seventy seven different expressions employed by the and spread over various geographical points just to refer to a single item, namely, the flower bunch of coconut. ’Kola’ is the expression attested in most of the panchayats in the, and districts of, whereas ’kolachil’ occurs most predominantly in and and ’klannil’ in and. ’Kozhinnul’ and ’kulannilu’ are the forms most common in and respectively. In addition to these forms most widely spread among the areas specified above, there are dozens of other forms such as ’kotumpu’ (Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram), ’katirpu’ , krali , pattachi, gnannil , ’pochata’ etc. Referring to the same item.
It may be noted at this point that labels such as ’Brahmin Dialect’ and ’Syrian Caste Dialect’ refer to overall patterns constituted by the sub-dialects spoken by the subcastes or sub-groups of each such caste. The most outstanding features of the major communal dialects of Malayalam are summarized below:. Lexical items with phonological features reminiscent of Sanskrit (e.g., viddhi, meaning ’fool’), bhosku (’lie’), musku (’impudence’), dustu (’impurity’), and eebhyan and sumbhan (both meaning ’good-for-nothing fellow’) abound in this dialect.
The dialect of the educated stratum among the resembles the dialect in many respects. The amount of influence, however, is found to be steadily decreasing as one descends along the parameter of education. One of the striking features differentiating the Nair dialect from the dialect is the phonetic quality of the word-final: an enunciative vowel unusually transcribed as ’U’. In the Nair dialect it is a mid-central unrounded vowel whereas in the Ezhava dialect it is often heard as a lower high back unrounded vowel.
The Syrian Christian dialect of Malayalam is quite close to the dialect, especially in. The speech of the educated section among Syrian Christians and that of those who are close to the church are peculiar in having a number of assimilated as well as unassimilated from and.
The few loan words which have found their way into the Christian dialect are assimilated in many cases through the process of de-aspiration. The Latin Christian dialect of Malayalam is close to the fishermen dialect. It is also influenced by, and. The Muslim dialect shows maximum divergence from the literary Standard Dialect of Malayalam.
It is very much influenced by and rather than by Sanskrit or by English. The retroflex continuant zha of the literary dialect is realised in the Muslim dialect as the palatal ya.
External influences and loanwoards Malayalam has incorporated many elements from other languages over the years, the most notable of these being and later, English. According to who compiled the authoritative Malayalam lexicon, the other principal languages whose vocabulary was incorporated over the ages were, and. Many medieval texts were written in an admixture of and early Malayalam, called.
The influence of was very prominent in formal Malayalam used in literature. Malayalam has a substantially high amount of Sanskrit loan words but are seldom used. Loan words and influences also from, and abound in the, as well as, and in the dialects, while and Persian elements predominate in the dialects. The Muslim dialect known as is used in the Malabar region of Kerala. Another Muslim dialect called is used in the extreme northern part of Kerala and the southern part of Karnataka. For a comprehensive list of loan words, see.
Geographic distribution and population. See also: and Malayalam is a language spoken by the native people of southwestern India (from Thuckalay to Talapady).According to the Indian census of 2011, there were 32,299,239 speakers of Malayalam in Kerala, making up 93.2% of the total number of Malayalam speakers in India, and 96.74% of the total population of the state.
There were a further 701,673 (2.1% of the total number) in, 957,705 (2.7%) in, and 406,358 (1.2%) in. The number of Malayalam speakers in is 51,100, which is only 0.15% of the total number, but is as much as about 84% of the population of Lakshadweep. In all, Malayalis made up 3.22% of the total Indian population in 2011.
Of the total 34,713,130 Malayalam speakers in India in 2011, 33,015,420 spoke the standard dialects, 19,643 spoke the Yerava dialect and 31,329 spoke non-standard regional variations like Eranadan. As per the 1991 census data, 28.85% of all Malayalam speakers in India spoke a second language and 19.64% of the total knew three or more languages. Large numbers of Malayalis have settled in (Madras), (Bombay), and. A large number of Malayalis have also emigrated to the, the United States, and Europe.
There were 179,860 speakers of Malayalam in the United States, according to the 2000 census, with the highest concentrations in and. There were 7,093 Malayalam speakers in Australia in 2006. The 2001 reported 7,070 people who listed Malayalam as their mother tongue, mainly in, Ontario. The 2006 New Zealand census reported 2,139 speakers. 134 Malayalam speaking households were reported in 1956 in. There is also a considerable Malayali population in the regions, especially in and.
Recently a Keralite is elected as mayor in Loughten town of England. Phonology For the consonants and vowels, the (International Phonetic Alphabet) symbol is given, followed by the Malayalam character and the transliteration. A public notice board written using.
The Malayalam language possesses official recognition in the state of, and the union territories of and Historically, several scripts were used to write Malayalam. Among these were the Vatteluttu, and scripts.
But it was the, another variation, which gave rise to the modern. It is syllabic in the sense that the sequence of graphic elements means that syllables have to be read as units, though in this system the elements representing individual vowels and consonants are for the most part readily identifiable. In the 1960s Malayalam dispensed with many special letters representing less frequent conjunct consonants and combinations of the vowel /u/ with different consonants. Malayalam script consists of a total of 578 characters. The script contains 52 letters including 16 vowels and 36 consonants, which forms 576 syllabic characters, and contains two additional diacritic characters named and. The earlier style of writing has been superseded by a new style as of 1981.
This new script reduces the different letters for typesetting from 900 to fewer than 90. This was mainly done to include Malayalam in the keyboards of typewriters and computers. In 1999 a group named ’Rachana Akshara Vedi’ produced a set of free containing the entire character repertoire of more than 900. This was announced and released along with a in the same year at, the capital of.
In 2004, the fonts were released under the license by of the at the in Kochi, Kerala. Malayalam has been written in other scripts like, and.
Was used by (also known as Nasranis) until the 19th century. Arabic scripts particularly were taught in in Kerala and the. Literature.
Kerala Sahitya Akademy at The earliest written record resembling Malayalam is the Vazhappalli inscription (ca. The early literature of Malayalam comprised three types of composition: Malayalam Nada, Tamil Nada and Sanskrit Nada. Classical songs known as. Baixar virtual dj pro 7 completo gratis. of the Sanskrit tradition, which permitted a generous interspersing of Sanskrit with Malayalam. Manipravalam Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar wrote Manipravalam poetry in the 14th century. The folk song rich in native elements to the late 20th century betrays varying degrees of the fusion of the three different strands.
The oldest examples of Pattu and Manipravalam, respectively, are Ramacharitam and Vaishikatantram, both from the 12th century. The earliest extant prose work in the language is a commentary in simple Malayalam, Bhashakautalyam (12th century) on ’s. By (known as the father of the Malayalam language) who was born in, one of the most important works in Malayalam literature. written in the 14th century is amongst the oldest literary works in Malayalam language. By the end of the 18th century some of the from Kerala started writing in Malayalam but mostly travelogues, dictionaries and religious books. (1778), written by is considered to be the first travelogue in an Indian language.
Early period. Malayalam letters on old coin The earliest known poem in Malayalam, dated to the 12th to 14th century CE, was completed before the introduction of the Sanskrit alphabet. It shows the same phase of the language as in and Sasanas (dated to mid‑8th century A.D.). But the period of the earliest available literary document cannot be the sole criterion used to determine the antiquity of a language. In its early literature, Malayalam has songs, Pattu, for various subjects and occasions, such as harvesting, love songs, heroes, gods, etc. A form of writing called Campu emerged from the 14th century onwards.
It mixed poetry with prose and used a vocabulary strongly influenced by Sanskrit, with themes from epics and Puranas. Cover page of Nasranikal okkekkum ariyendunna samkshepavedartham which is the first book to be printed in Malayalam in 1772. Rama-charitam, which was composed in the 14th century A.D., may be said to have inaugurated just as Naniah’s did for. The fact is that dialectical and local peculiarities had already developed and stamped themselves in local songs and ballads. But these linguistic variations were at last gathered together and made to give a coloring to a sustained literary work, the Rama-charitam, thereby giving the new language a justification and a new lease on life. The Malayalam language, with the introduction of a new type of devotional literature, underwent a metamorphosis, both in form and content, and it is generally held that modernity in Malayalam language and literature commenced at this period.
This change was brought about by Thunchathu (16th century) who is known as the father of modern Malayalam. Till this time Malayalam indicated two different courses of development depending on its relationship with either. The earliest literary work in Malayalam now available is a prose commentary on Chanakya’s, ascribed to the 13th century. The poetical works called Vaisikatantram are also believed to belong to the early 14th century. These works come under a special category known as, literally the combination of two languages, the language of and Sanskrit. A and rhetoric in this hybrid style was written sometime in the 14th century in Sanskrit and the work, called the Lilatikalam, is the main source of information for a student of literary and linguistic history. According to this book, the and Pattu styles of literary compositions were in vogue during this period.
’Pattu’ means ’song’ and more or less represents the pure Malayalam school of poetry. From the definition of the Pattu style given in the Lilatikalam, it can be surmised that the language of Kerala during this period was more or less in line with Tamil, but this has misled many people to believe incorrectly that Malayalam was itself Tamil during this period and before. The latest research shows that Malayalam as a separate spoken language in Kerala began showing independent lines of development from its parental tongue Proto-Tamil-Malayalam (which is not modern Tamil), preserving the features of the earliest tongue, which o

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